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stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (024.00.00), Gioachino Rossini. The first of Puccini's greatest popular successes, La Bohème recounts the adventures of six Parisian bohemians—poet Rodolfo, seamstress Mimì, and their friends,who are a painter, a philosopher, and two musicians. Mozart with Lorenzo da Ponte. Many of Rossini's operas were quickly produced throughout Europe and in America as well, demonstrated by the pocket librettos displayed here. His muse is far more complex and worthy than any of these one-dimensional women. First presented in Venice, the work was soon given throughout Italy, including in Trieste in the fall of the same year, with Russian tenor Nicola Ivanoff in the role of Foresto. The music: This opera follows the conventions of Italian opera during the period, with big arias that stop the action. New York: William Hall and Son, 1850. Romantic opera has dominated operatic stages for the better part of two centuries. However, with the exception of Sullivan’s brief foray into Grand Opera with Ivanhoe , 1891, anyone looking for a great 19th Century English language opera is going to be disappointed. He poured himself into his music, composing several works that quickly became part of the permanent opera repertory. Donate 1850. Unlike in some other popular operas, the nature of the story makes it difficult to alter the traditional setting and costuming, depicted here on early-twentieth-century sheet music as well as in a photograph from the 1930s. Dozens of such motives bound the operas into a unified whole. 1814), is set against the background of French rescue opera … Verdi was born into the musical world of Gioachino Rossini (1792–1868), the leading Italian opera composer of the first half of the nineteenth century in terms of popular success and artistic influence. Hero worship, a return to nature, idealism, and fantasy are elements of late 18th-century romanticism that found their way into 19th-century German opera. Herman Mishkin, photographer. Hailed as Verdi’s successor in the 1890s, Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924), brought Italian opera into the twentieth century with his thirteen operas incorporating new elements of the style known as verismo (realism), as well as the exoticism of long-ago-and-far-away settings. Many composers used timbres, rhythms, and melodic gestures they associated with other nations or simply used unusual sounds to evoke a distant land or foreign culture. Two accidents of history prevented this. Librettists addressed issues that spoke to a broad audience and used a variety of subjects and settings. Music Division, Library of Congress (036.00.00). A Closer Look: Leitmotives in the Ring Cycle "The Lute Song (O That I Never More Might See/Deh Non Voler Costringere)" from Anna Bolena. published lectures delivered at the People's Institute, the adult Romantic operas stress the world of imagination and emotions and through its music and aria's was this theme magnified. and professional titles published each year—W. His first successful opera Nabucco was immediately well received by … Grand opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts and orchestras, and (in their original productions) lavish and spectacular design and stage effects, normally with plots based on or around dramatic historic events. The first performance took place in February 1896. education division of New York City's Cooper Union. Biography: Gioachino Rossini Philadelphia: Neal and Mackenzie, 1828. A Closer Look: Verdi’s Otello, Act IV Its features of appealing melodies and florid melodic embellishments are suited to the Italian language. Bellini's Norma, set in ancient Gaul, is undoubtedly his best-known work. Rossini stopped writing operas when he was barely forty and lived the last forty years of his life in financial comfort, composing in other genres. Ludwig van Beethoven 's only opera, Fidelio (1805, rev. "Aria di Musetta" from La Bohème. Courtesy of Paola Chini (037.00.00), Maria Jeritza as Turandot, 1926. Macbeth: Musica di G. Verdi. This was called exoticism, and its history extends back into the eighteenth century. The Barber of Seville was composed in 1816 and soon made its way to London, New York, and Philadelphia; La Cenerentola, a retelling of the fairytale of Cinderella, was composed in 1817 and soon presented in Lisbon, London, and New York. The first four decades of the 19th century represent a vital period in the history of ballet. The exact dates of the beginning and end of the Risorgimento are unclear, but scholars believe it began at the end of the Napoleonic era, with the Congress of Vienna, in 1815. Music Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00), Gioachino Rossini. Frank Xaver Setzer, photographer. Milan: G. Ricordi, ca. 1843 The Bohemian Girl (Michael Balfe). Giacomo Puccini's operas are notable for the very high percentage that remain among the most popular operas today. She settled for £5,000 guineas and benefit performances that would earn her another £1,000. The story was told in recitatives, while sung arias expressed the emotions. Commissioned by Khedive Isma'il (1830–1895) for presentation at his recently opened Khedivial Opera House in Cairo, Aida premiered there on December 24, 1871. In the nineteenth century, exotic settings and plots were often used in opera. In Verdi’s Otello, the conclusion of the drama unfolds without pause, contrasting lyrical arias with dialogue and interludes to carry the action. After fleeing Germany during the 1848–49 insurrection, Wagner settled in Switzerland, where he wrote his most important essays and began Der Ring des Nibelungen. However, many men have distinguished themselves in the role of Edgardo, Lucia's star-crossed lover, including Beniamino Gigli (1890–1957), one of the finest tenors of his era. Holograph manuscript. Music Division, Library of Congress (035.00.00). In the early 1830s, Wagner began writing operas, gaining his first great success in 1842 in Dresden, where he directed opera, conducted, and composed at the Saxon court. Noblemen and women were treated to lavish events, especially wedding celebrations, where dancing and music created an elaborate spectacle. The score was completed from Puccini’s sketches by Franco Alfano (1875–1954), and the first performance was given in April 1926. Music Division, Library of Congress (027.00.00), A major success at its premiere in 1846, Atilla, König der Hunnen (Attila, King of the Huns) recounts an episode from the invasion of northeastern Italy (the site of modern Venice) by the legendary warrior Attila. The German composer George Frederick Handel, who settled in London with his patron George I, introduced opera seria to London when his Italian opera Rinaldo which was first performed in 1711. Cenerentola, ou Singeleza, Evirtude Triunfantes: Drama Jocoso (Cinderella, or Singleness, and Virtue Triumphant: Humorous Drama). Italian opera first started to materialize in the seventeenth century, and approximately two hundred years later, the Romantic genre was introduced. The last of Puccini's operas, Turandot is set in long-ago China. By the end of the 1840s, Verdi had fundamentally altered the established form and structure of the bel canto style, revolutionizing Italian opera in the process. "Ah! ", Giuseppe Verdi. In Context: Wagner’s Reception, Nationalism, and the Jews Music Division, Library of Congress (020.00.00), Gaetano Donizetti. The central figure in Italian opera for much of the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) wrote twenty-eight operas, nearly half of which have been staples of the international operatic repertoire since their first productions. The Olympia, Giuletta and Antonia are early 19th century operatic heroines taken to their logical extremes and the opera conclusion is that Hoffmann is a fool to try and love any of them. It is the story of Prince Calàf, who falls in love with the forbidding Princess Turandot. This series covers half a century of opera, starting in 1970, the year we separated from the Australian Elizabethan Trust and became a fully independent company. It recounts the adventures of Figaro, the barber, who assists Count Almaviva in his attempts to woo the charming Rosina. Verdi enjoyed a life-long interest in the works of William Shakespeare (1564–1616). by celebrated academics from America and abroad. His I Puritani (The Puritans) is set in England during the 1640s, the period of the English Civil War. Italian opera was extremely fashionable in 18th and early 19th century London and audiences flocked to see foreign star singers who were considered exotic. A Moravian soprano renowned for her singing of Puccini, Maria Jeritza (1887–1982) starred as Turandot in the North American premiere of the work at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, on November 16, 1926. It was hardly surprising that seat prices were … When Gioachino Rossini retired from operatic composition in 1829 at age thirty-seven, he was widely recognized as the greatest Italian composer of his time. This letter is to Alfredo Vandini, a childhood friend of Puccini's, and, later, a government official to whom Puccini turned for a help with a number of matters. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (023.00.00), Beniamino Gigli as Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor, 1924. The music of Dafne is now lost. Lisbon: Na Typografia de Bulhões, 1821. The piece was completed in September; Verdi scholar Philip Gossett explains that the dedication and date on the manuscript were undoubtedly added after the performances in late 1846, and that "1845" seems to be a "slip of the pen. Music: NAWM 138 and 142. The images include portrait-style poses as well as "action shots"—some of them extremely dramatic. Opera was popular with audiences of all classes and professions. A number of both Bellini's and Donizetti's tragic masterpieces were historical operas set in northern Europe. Help The central figure in Italian opera for much of the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) wrote twenty-eight operas, nearly half of which have been staples of the international operatic repertoire since their first productions. Paris became the operatic capital of Europe and French grand opera was designed to appeal to middle-class audiences. Singspiel was at the root of German opera, and composers intensified its national features while absorbing Romantic elements from French opera. Verdi, whose operas include Rigoletto, Il Trovatore and Aida wrote in a tuneful and dramatic style. At the instigation of Gioachino Rossini, Verdi wrote a new "Romanza" for Ivanoff. These examples are typical: the singers are among the most distinguished of the day, and they are shown costumed for roles with which they were closely identified. Puccini began work on the score in early 1921, and left it nearly finished—all but the final duet—when he died in late 1924. The distinguished African American contralto Marian Anderson (1897–1993) enjoyed a long and notable career as a concert and recital singer from the 1920s until her retirement in 1965. On that occasion she sang the role of the sorceress Ulrica in Verdi's Un Ballo in Maschera (A Masked Ball). Nevertheless, it captured the public attention following its initial production in 1847, and, along with Attila, composed the previous year, helped to establish Verdi's popularity as an opera composer. Madama Butterfly—her name, Cio-Cio San, is taken from the Japanese word for "butterfly"—is a young Japanese girl who marries an American naval officer; she marries for love, he marries merely for convenience while stationed in Nagasaki. Vincenzo Bellini. Maria Callas claimed that one Norma was more strenuous for her vocally than several Tristans. Music Division, Library of Congress (029.00.00), Enrico Caruso (1873–1921) as Radamès in Aida, Paris, 1910. In the 16th century, Catherine de Medici — an Italian noblewoman, wife of King Henry II of France and a great patron of th… By the late 19th Century, W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan would make great hay parodying the continental operatic conventions in their wonderful Savoy Operas, a sort of Romantic ballad opera. Letter from Giacomo Puccini to Alfredo Vandini, January 14, 1904. By mid-century, Whatever the impetus, I began to collect story after story of opera composers, singers, conductors, and stage directors who became deeply attached to their canine companions (and even a few who disliked dogs). in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Margaret D. Norton first When he died after a nearly sixty-year career, he was mourned in Italy as a national hero. The bel canto opera movement flourished in the early 19th century and is exemplified by the operas of Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Pacini, Mercadante and many others. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (031.00.00). Biography: Richard Wagner Donizetti's "comic masterpiece" is one of the last great opera buffas. In the Ring cycle, Wagner created melodic relationships among motives, making the dramatic point that certain characters, scenes, and ideas were bound up with one another. "Un Bel Di, Vedremo (One Good Day, We Will See)" from Madama Butterfly. London: G. Ricordi, 1909. Literally “beautiful singing,” bel canto opera derives from the Italian stylistic singing school of the same name. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (030.00.00). It dates from the period immediately before the disastrous first performance of Madama Butterfly. The Barber of Seville, A Comic Opera in Three Acts. Amie Dupont, photographer. Moreover, selections from the score were widely published well into the twentieth century, including this Bulgarian edition of sheet music for Musetta's aria from act II. Some composers, notably Richard Wagner, have written their own libretti; others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e.g. They document his daily activities as well as provide important details about his work. Possibly St. Eisfeld Studio. Bert studio. Within only four years, the opera had been seen throughout Italy as well as in such far-flung locations as Buenos Aires, Lisbon, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, and New York. Cairo: Typographie Francaise Delbos-Demouret, 1871. Wagner built the festival theater at Bayreuth where several of his operas were performed, including the Ring cycle. Most famous of all Donizetti's operas is Lucia di Lammermoor, set in seventeenth-century Scotland. The process of Italian unification ended with the FrancoPrussian War in 1871. The characters were all noble or mythological and the plots about political intrigue or history. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (018.00.00), Letter from Vincenzo Bellini to M. H. Heneage, mentioning I Puritani (The Puritans), January 26, 1830. By the end of the 1840s, Verdi had fundamentally altered the established form and structure of the bel canto style, revolutionizing Italian opera in the process. Donizetti wrote three operas based on the Tudor period of English history of the sixteenth century: Anna Bolena (Anne Boleyn), Maria Stuarda (Mary Stuart, who is also known as "Mary Queen of Scots"), and Roberto Devereux (the name of a favorite at the court of Elizabeth I). Rossini and his immediate successors Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835) and Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1847) are the masters of the Italian bel canto (beautiful singing) style, characterized by elaborate melodic lines, smooth delivery, and purity of tone. The first edition piano-vocal score was issued shortly after the premiere, probably in 1850. Dancing masters taught the steps to the nobility, and the court participated in the performances. Rosa Ponselle (1897–1981) as Norma, 1927. Sheet music. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) was one the composers of this era who changed the way composers would forever more look at operatic writing. This period coincides with developments in the production of lithographic sheet music cover art, and by mid-century depictions of operatic action, such as these examples, were for the first time readily available to the music-loving public. Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Antonio Vivaldi, playfully nicknamed “The Red Priest,” due to his … Photograph by Herman Mishkin. He suffered great personal losses with the deaths of his two children and wife before moving to Milan to begin his opera career. Later, Verdi slowed his production of new operas, eventually retiring and living off the royalties from his music. The composer: Verdi, the most famous and successful Italian opera composer of the 19th century. Accessibility | and college texts—were firmly established. (Verdi's final two masterpieces—Otello and Falstaff—were from Shakespeare as well.) Opera seria literally translates as ‘serious opera'. This aria is from Handel’s opera “Serse”, which was a commercial failure, lasting only five performances in London after its premiere. Sofia, Bulgaria, 1949. Verdi's follow-up to Nabucco was the first of his operas to be performed in America. Music Division, Library of Congress. (Macbeth: Music by G. Verdi). Instructors and students now have an easy way to track online quiz scores with the Norton Gradebook. (The Barber of Seville). External Link Disclaimer | Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century. Among the riches of the Music Division is an array of autograph cards and letters that deal with a wide variety of topics. The set designs for that production were the work of Galileo Chini (1873–1956) and evoke the exotic splendor of the ancient East, as do the elaborate costumes traditionally worn by the title character. Legal | College Verdi's Macbeth, with a libretto that adheres quite closely to the original play, was the composer's first Shakespearean work. Music Division, Library of Congress (026.00.00). Aida: Opera en 4 Actes e 7 Tableaux (Aida: Opera in 4 Acts and 7 Scenes). Holograph manuscript. The profits for Catalini's 1806 season were so enormous that she demanded £7,000 for her 1807 appearances – an astronomical sum for the time. soon expanded their program beyond the Institute, publishing books (Contrary to popular belief, Aida was not written to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal; however, the opera house was built in celebration of the canal and dedicated in 1869.) Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (031.00.00), Louise Homer as Amneris [incorrectly labeled in the upper corner as "Azucena"] in Aida, 1908. The opera, Euridice, with a libretto by Rinuccini, set to music by Peri and Giulio Caccini, recounted the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. Music Division, Library of Congress (038.00.00), About | Because he had to compose quickly, he often reworked music from his previous compositions to create new operas. Typically such arias would be preceded by recitative, the whole sequence being termed a … The Paris Opera Ballet, founded in the 17th century, was the world’s first professional ballet company, and continues as one of the preeminent outfits today. Rossini and his librettists developed a scene structure in which all solos, ensembles, and choruses contributed to advancing the plot. Throughout the seventeenth century there were many developments in Italian opera due to Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643), who wrote his first opera in 1607 (La Favola d'Orfeo) which to this day, is still performed. In the 1950s, the Norton Courtesy of the Metropolitan Opera (034.00.00). Giuseppe De Luca as Rigoletto, 1915. USA.gov. But you can see glimpses of how Verdi would revolutionise opera. Bel canto operas are based on comic, predictable plots and one-dimensional characters to indulge the contemporary Italian taste for pure entertainment. As the photographic and publication industries developed in the early twentieth century, post-card-sized images of many of the leading stars of the world's major opera houses were produced for the mass market. Rosetta Pampanini as Cio-Cio San in Madama Butterfly, 1931. the two major pillars of Norton's publishing program—trade books A scene typically includes an orchestral introduction, a scena (orchestrally accompanied recitative), a primo tempo (first movement), a tempo di mezzo, and a cabaletta. In this essay, Wagner attempted to obscure his deep debt to Meyerbeer, who was Jewish. The central figure in Italian opera for much of the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) wrote twenty-eight operas, nearly half of which have been staples of the international operatic repertoire since their first productions. In order to marry her, a suitor has to solve three riddles; any incorrect answer will result in death. Giacomo Puccini. "Romanza" from Attila. The first opera for which music has survived was performed in 1600 at the wedding of Henry IV of France and Marie de Medici at the Pitti Palace in Florence. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (040.00.00), Giacomo Puccini. In Italy, Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini, and Verdi created a new Italian tradition in opera, and their works have been performed ever since. The style of singing favored by Peri and Caccini was a heightened form of natural speech, dramatic recitative supported by instrumental string music. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Opera (039.00.00). Norton Website Aida is the story of the love between the Ethiopian princess Aida and her Egyptian warrior captor, Radamès, which is complicated by the presence of Amneris, the daughter of the Egyptian pharaoh (ruler), who loves Radamès but whose love is not reciprocated. Early 19th Century Ballet. Rossini trained at the Bologna Conservatory and was commissioned to write his first opera at age eighteen. Bel canto. Photograph by Herman Mishkin. Music Division, Library of Congress (019.00.00). Italy in the first half of the 19th century The remarkable musical achievements of the classical Viennese style during the late 18th and early 19th centuries threatened to leave Italy, opera’s native home, out of the operatic mainstream. During his lifetime Rossini enjoyed success as a composer of comedies as well as tragedies. A Closer Look: Typical Scene Structure of Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera In Context: The Musical Attraction of "the Other" 1843 I Lombardi alla prima crociata (Verdi). Discover our extraordinary history with this collection of photos and stories from the Opera Australia archives. Emerging around the turn of the 19th century, Romanticism was the predominant artistic and literary movement until the 1st World War. Holograph manuscript. Don't Mingle, One Human Feeling" from La Sonnambula (The Sleepwalker). Later, he moved to Paris and became director of the Thé‰tre Italien. Giuseppe Verdi. In the 19th century, however, this aria Ombra mai fu (Never was a shade) was rediscovered and became one of Handel’s best-known pieces and one of the most famous opera songs of all time as well. Amelita Galli-Curci as Lucia di Lammermoor, 1915. family transferred control of the company to its employees, and Verdi studied music as a child, then took his first post in Busseto, where he was married. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (033.00.00). Jobs | She is shown taking a curtain call following her performance. Traditional opera consists of two modes of singing: recitative, the plot-driving passages often sung in a non-melodic style characteristic of opera, and aria (an "air" or formal song) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style. These souvenirs show operas that not only enjoyed public favor a century ago but which remain very popular. Trade Books The cover shows Liudmila Maksimova, a performer at the the Bulgarian National Opera in Sofia. One of the few notable 19th-century English-language operas apart from the works of Gilbert and Sullivan. His publisher persuaded Verdi to come out of retirement to write his two last operas. Although Catherine the Great promoted Italian opera and even wrote some of her own librettos, Russian opera was largely an invention of the nineteenth century, a sign of social ferment as well as rising nationalism. Biography: Giuseppe Verdi No one provides a better coloratura "mad scene" – a 19th-century Romantic opera habit – than Donizetti in Lucia, based on Walter Scott's The Bride of Lammermoor. (Puccini quickly revised the score, modifying it from two acts to three, and it became a triumphant success.) Giacomo Puccini was an extremely busy correspondent throughout his career. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (022.00.00). Last-minute construction work and rehearsals have been going on feverishly ahead of July 16, when 19th-century Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi’s Rigoletto will kick off the season. Madama Butterfly is one perennial favorite, although it was a failure when first produced in 1904. Set design for Giacomo Puccini's Turandot, 1924. Noted Italian baritone Giuseppe de Luca (1876 –1950), as Verdi's Rigoletto. Books The Differences Between French & Italian Opera in the Baroque Era French Opera 1580's genre: Ballet de cour Allegorical ballets Louis XIV "The Sun King" Jean-Baptiste Lully Early Baroque Opera Created the transitionary comedie-ballet, a mixture of both opera and ballet He used Verdi understood the human voice … Lectures 17 and 18 discuss bel canto, the dominant style of 19th-century Italian opera. Galileo Chini. Inspector General | Their most enduring scores date from the 1830s and early 1840s. its employees. With its famous mad scene, the role of Lucia is a starring vehicle for singers such as Amelita Galli-Curci (1882–1963), one of the best-known sopranos of the early twentieth century. This technique of depicting character and mood influenced later composers of opera, film, and television scores. Books Herman Mishkin, photographer, ca 1915. Macbeth breaks with nineteenth-century Italian operatic tradition in two notable ways: it lacks both a love story and a starring tenor role. Music Division, Library of Congress. Marian Anderson as Ulrica in Un Ballo in Maschera, Metropolitan Opera, 1955. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress. His slightly younger contemporaries Vincenzo Bellini and Gaetano Donizetti soon became much-admired masters of the florid melodies that characterize the bel canto style. Charles Jahant Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (032.00.00), Ina Bourskaya as Azucena in Il Trovatore, Kiev, 1912. Welcome as the debut of a new talent was, no one could predict that Verdi’s 26 operas—the last written in 1893, when he was 80 years old—would completely dominate Italian music in the last half of the 19th century. When he died after a nearly sixty-year career, he was mourned in … -he was the greatest Italian opera composer and the dominant figure of the 19th century opera houses -Verdi's operas got more performances than Wagners did at this time -he mainly cared that his operas have a dramatic quality more than the tune alone or the voice alone. However he is best known today for his comic operas—and particularly for Il Barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville). Professional He found a new patron in King Ludwig II of Bavaria, who sponsored his later operas. Press | This site and the materials contained herein ©2021, Concise History of Western Music, 4 StudySpace. Wagner’s anti-Semitic essay Judaism in Music (1850) was appropriated by the Nazi movement in Germany. Singers such as Madam Catalani thrilled audiences and drew huge salaries. Duets, trios an… Recitative thus preceded the development o… 50 years of Opera Australia: Part one. today—with a staff of 400 and a comparable number of trade, college, Giulietta Simionato as Rosina in Il Barbiere di Siviglia. Constructing an opera house in Cairo and inaugurating it with performances of works by European composers reflected the Khedive's modernizing and Westernizing philosophy. A Closer Look: Typical Scene Structure of Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera Rossini and his librettists developed a scene structure in which all solos, ensembles, … Desk. Music Division, Library of Congress (021.00.00). Rinaldo played for 15 perfor… W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding Loyal to the traditions of Italian opera and to the cause of Italian political unification, Verdi was revered by a faithful public and became a national hero. The vocal pyrotechnics of the bel canto and coloratura styles of composition, for which 19th-century Italian opera and the oratorio (ecclesiastical opera) of earlier periods are famous, are absent from Wagner’s later operas. Milan, September 1846. Boston: Oliver Ditson, ca.1850. Moldenhauer Archives, Music Division, Library of Congress (028.00.00). W. Norton & Company The music itself now became the most important element of an opera’s success, and a permanent repertory of operas began to emerge. Pictured here is Giulietta Simionato (1910–2010), one of the great Rosinas of the twentieth century. A favoured form of aria in the first half of the 19th century in Italian opera was the cabaletta, in which a songlike cantabile section is followed by a more animated section, the cabaletta proper, repeated in whole or in part. The words of an opera are known as the libretto (literally "little book"). Mexico City: Foto-Semo studio, 1953. The Nortons She made history on January 7, 1955, when she became the first African American to sing at New York's Metropolitan Opera. Giuseppe Verdi. The Romantic operas started to appear in the early 19th century. The late 19th century was dominated by two giants of opera: Italian Giuseppe Verdi and German Richard Wagner, both born in 1813. Franz Schubert This style of "beautiful singing" was a staple feature of 19th-century Romantic operas like Verdi's "La traviata" and "Rigoletto".

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