fbi footwear impressions
Figure 1 shows Three Nike Air Force I outsoles with the same general outsole design feature. Guide for the preparation of test impressions from footwear and tires. By placing the grid over a size 8 1/2 shoe, Stone created a 16,000 mm2 grid on the surface area of the shoe outsole. Our mission is to facilitate learners in scientific exploration through hands-on exhibits and participatory educational programming. Michael B. SmithDocument Analyst/Forensic ExaminerQuestioned Documents UnitFBI LaboratoryQuantico, Virginia, Introduction | Validation | Conclusion | Acknowledgment | References. He also found that an identification of an impression with an article of footwear is possible. The examiner compares these characteristics with any identifying characteristics observed on the known shoe. Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination, SECOND EDITION (Practical Aspects of Criminal and Forensic Investigations) [Bodziak, William J.] The ridge spacing of the Schallamach pattern varied from 0.05 to 0.5 mm. Because word-of-mouth marketing can be so influential, nearly everything at LI is customizable to fit your personal brand or company. As stated earlier, Stone (2006) developed a hypothetical probability model for identifying characteristics. Guide for the forensic documentation and photography of footwear and tire impressions at the crime scene, Journal of Forensic Identification (2006b) 56:794–799. Based on information provided by footwear manufacturers regarding shoe designs and size ranges, the estimated frequency of any particular shoe design in a specific size is much less than 1 percent of the total shoe population (Bodziak 2000). The NIST OSAC Footwear and Tire Subcommittee published their first official document in July 2019. Impressions Foster + Freeman (commercial) SoleMate footwear records include brand, model, footwear type (e.g. ABC News also reported Monday that the FBI has issued an internal bulletin about plans for armed protests at the U.S. capitol and in all 50 states starting this week and lasting through Inauguration Day. The identifying characteristic need not be sharp in detail but must be clear enough to allow for a determination of the shape, size, and position of the characteristic. According to the World Footwear Markets 2007 report, in 2005 a world population of 6.6 billion people bought more than 13 billion pairs of shoes (as cited in “Footwear in the Global Economy” [Hereafter “Footwear”] 2007). SWGTREAD. Unpublished report. Criminals will often wear gloves or wipe down objects that they touch at crime scenes but rarely do they remove their shoes or intentionally destroy the evidence left by their shoes. Guide for the collection of footwear and tire impressions in the field. SWGTREAD. Scope of work relating to forensic footwear and/or tire tread examiners, Journal of Forensic Identification (2005a) 55:764–765. Thus, combined with class characteristics, even one identifying characteristic is extremely powerful evidence to support a conclusion of identification. Of the 258 footwear identifications made by the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory from 1991 to 1994, 28 involved the Schallamach pattern. Schallamach, A. The casts from the crime scene were sent to the FBI for analysis, to see if they matched Heinrich's vehicle and shoes. Three red arrows on each outsole depict the mold variations in each of the different molds, which are along the outside of the toe portion of the shoe. SWGTREAD. SWGTREAD comprises shoeprint and tire tread examiners from government laboratories and private industry throughout the United States. Mold variations may include design variations, stippling or other texturing, and positioning of the logo (Bodziak 2000). Tart, M. S., Downey, A. J., Goodyear, J. G., and Adams, J. In 2006, 2.4 billion pairs of shoes were purchased in the United States (as cited in “Footwear” 2007). If the impression is processed (e.g., with fingerprint powder or chemicals), re-photograph after each process. This means that you should look for a cut, gouge, tear, imbedded pebble, or pattern of wear which is unique to that shoe. A metric grid with divisions of 1 mm2 was used to help quantify the occurrence of identifying characteristics on a shoe outsole. Additionally, valuable information in the manufacturing process can further narrow an outsole to a specific mold. Currently, footwear examiners qualitatively communicate their results in court by describing the common features they have observed. The probability that another outsole contains a single characteristic (point) in the same position is 1 in 16,000. Just as design and physical size are, wear can be used to identify or eliminate a shoe as a potential source of an impression. If identifying characteristics are present in the questioned footwear impression, the examiner compares the same areas of the known shoe to determine if the size, shape, position, and orientation of these characteristics correspond. Friction and abrasion of rubber. Indicate this unique characteristic on each of the paired images. Each boot did contain a sufficient number of identifying characteristics necessary to enable distinction of one boot from another. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Friction and abrasion of rubber, Wear (1957–1958) 1:384–417. Many police departments and crime laboratories throughout the United States use similar computerized footwear databases. The basis for footwear impression evidence is determining the source of a footwear impression recovered from a crime scene. For instance, if more wear is observed in a footwear impression than on a known shoe, then that shoe should be eliminated as the source of that impression, even if the design and physical size correspond. Wear can be defined as the erosion of the design features or design elements on the outsole of the shoe. Because all of these factors contribute to the unpredictable nature of the information provided in a crime scene impression, it is not possible to define a minimum number of characteristics needed to accurately identify an impression with the source outsole. This is publication number 08-22 of the Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mold variations may include design variations, stippling or other texturing, and positioning of the logo (Bodziak 2000). Schallamach, A. Abrasion, fatigue, and smearing of rubber, Journal of Applied Polymer Science (1968) 12:281–293. Hamm , E. D. The individuality of class characteristics in Converse All-Star footwear, Journal of Forensic Identification (1989) 39(5):277–292. In contrast, identifying characteristics do not result from the manufacturing process, but are accidental, unpredictable characteristics that result from wear. The outsoles depicted in Figure 1 show some of the mold variations that exist from mold to mold. Heinrich's shoes and tires had both been purchased at Sears, though the tires, from the company's SuperGuard Response line, were manufactured by an outside company, Armstrong. Schallamach, A. The fewest number of shoe molds for a shoe size is 2 (size 21) and the greatest number of molds is 94 (size 10). These star patterns as well as how the concentric circles intersect with the series of short bars along the outside edge are some of the features that can vary from mold to mold. Guide for the collection of footwear and tire impressions in the field, Journal of Forensic Identification (2005c) 55:770–773. Wear also can be used as an identifying characteristic when the wear observed on the outsole of the shoe becomes so severe that jagged edges or holes develop. 01.03.11. Because not all manufacturers maintain these records, this information may or may not be available. Photograph with a scale. Precise quantitative assessments are not provided because accurate information is lacking regarding the exact number of shoes produced in a particular design, size, and geographic distribution, as well as how many shoes of that design and size remain in use. Guide for the examination of footwear and tire impression evidence, Journal of Forensic Identification (2006c) 56:800–805. 2nd ed. An internal FBI memo obtained by CNN warns of armed protests in all 50 states and Washington, D.C., in the days leading up to Jan. 20, when President-elect Joe Biden is sworn into office. Thus even a popular shoe outsole design represents only a small subset of all manufactured shoes. The men’s and women’s boots differed somewhat in the number of outsole design elements containing at least one identifying characteristic. September 11. Mount the camera on a tripod with the film plane parallel to the impression. In that section he conducted the examinations of Questioned Document,Footwear and Tire Impression evidence on a full time basis. Because variations exist from mold to mold, outsoles can be subdivided by molds. How does rubber slide? Cassidy (1980) studied the duplication of wear characteristics and concluded that the more an article of footwear is worn, the less likely general wear will be duplicated from one shoe to the next. In the majority of footwear examinations resulting in an association between a questioned footwear impression and a known shoe, the conclusion most often reached is the correspondence of combined class characteristics such as design and physical size. Guide for the forensic documentation and photography of footwear and tire impressions at the crime scene. The elevation of Mount Bierstadt is 14,065 feet, and the participants hiked about 3.5 miles in each direction, for a total hiking time of 3.5 hours. Unpublished report. Schallamach patterns were observed on two of the outsoles after less than 9 hours of wear. Cassidy, M. J. These mold variations make it possible to associate a particular shoe outsole with a particular mold to the exclusion of other molds. Occasionally, examiners contact footwear manufacturers for information regarding a particular mold and other distribution information for a particular brand and model shoe. Nause, L., Forensic Tire Impression Identification, National Research Council of Canada, 2001. Turn this in with your completed pre-lab. They serve to communicate this “best practice” consensus to practitioners in the field. Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination, SECOND EDITION (Practical Aspects of Criminal and Forensic Investigations) Because the subset of shoes that has a particular set of class characteristics is small, class characteristics are very powerful for eliminating shoes as the source of an impression. Abstract: Suspect footwear impressions are often found at the crime scene. Founded in 1976 in Southfield, Michigan, Lasting Impressions is dedicated to offering a wide array of promotional items for any occasion. Upon examination of the impressions the investigating officer noticed that the boot prints appeared to have new patches and a … Cassidy also determined that the duration of individual characteristics depends on the type of outsole material. In addition, he is a Member of the International Association for Identification where he received certification in the area of footwear impression examination and has served as Chairman of the Footwear and Tire Track section. Adair, T. W., Lemay, J., McDonald, A., Shaw, R., and Tewes, R. The Mount Bierstadt Study: An experiment in unique damage formation in footwear, Journal of Forensic Identification (2007) 57:199–205. A metric grid with divisions of 1 mm. SWGTREAD. The images in Figure 3 depict a Schallamach pattern recovered from a questioned footwear impression (A) and the corresponding ridge pattern and ridge spacing on a test impression made by the known shoe (B). on Amazon.com. Test impressions from shoes will be made at the laboratory at the time of comparison. Development of a national footwear/tire reference collections •3. The Schallamach patterns started to change completely after 6 hours of wear on one outsole and 16 hours on another outsole. Guide for the detection of footwear and tire impressions in the field, Journal of Forensic Identification (2005b) 55:766–769. Often, class characteristics have been mistakenly regarded as having little or no value. It is recommended that the sole patterns of family members, law enforcement employees and other. 334, 347, 352, 413. Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery, and Examination. For each pair of footwear impressions, note individual characteristics. The theory that a footwear impression can be identified to an article of footwear given sufficient quality and quantity has been tested: • Cassidy MJ (1969/1980) Footwear Identification Canadian Government Publishing Centre 1980 - duplication of a single characteristic in a general area can occur, but One of the most popular shoes sold in the United States today is the Nike “Air Force I.” Nike first introduced the Air Force I in 1982, and 27 years later, it remains one of the most popular shoes on the market today. Guide for the examination of footwear and tire impression evidence. All of these traits add to or subtract from the value of an individual characteristic. 1996). And if whatever impression would have been up here, (Indicating), would have been--if an impression had been laid down up here, it would have been interfered with by the other blood in that area, so you can really only see the heel impression on FBI Q68. The Schallamach pattern is a ridge-like design, similar to a fingerprint, that appears on the flat part of the shoe outsole. William J. Bodziak (Bill) was assigned to the Questioned Document Section of the FBI Laboratory for approximately 25 years. Lightning Powder Company, Salem, Oregon, 1995. footwear and tires •2. Formation was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to standardize and advance the forensic analysis of shoeprint and tire tread evidence. General Guidelines for Photographing Tire Impressions, Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technologies (SWGIT) Version 1.1 June 5, 2003, Introduction | Recommended Equipment Procedure for Tire Impression Photography. The scale should be placed along the entire length of the impression without obscuring detail. The pattern is named for Adolph Schallamach, who first discovered this pattern on tires. SWGTREAD. A theory of dynamic rubber friction. Although the preceding statistical formulas are not commonly used in rendering a conclusion in day-to-day footwear examinations, they do offer some valuable insight into the uniqueness of the combination of class and identifying characteristics observed on the shoe outsole. The quality and wide vari- ability of these impressions and the large number of footwear outsole designs makes their manual analysis time-consuming and dicult. Transparent test impressions were then made of each boot and compared with every other boot. Although training and experience provide an understanding of the general occurrence of combined class characteristics, footwear examiners do not specify a percentage or likelihood that a shoe of a particular design and size made an impression. For example, leather is a harder material and therefore undergoes changes due to wear and tear more rapidly than a rubber outsole. An International Symposium on the Aspects of Footwear and Tire Impression Evidence; FBI Academy, June 27- July 1, 1994 Bodziak, W.J., FBI Academy; September 1989 Detection and Examination of Footwear Evidence School. Shoes come with thousands of different outsole designs and numerous sizes for each design. One such variable is the force applied when the impressed mark is being made. First, when shoes repeatedly come in contact with a surface, an abrasion pattern starts to form on the outsole of the shoe. Identifying characteristics include objects that have become attached to the outsole—such as rocks, thumb tacks, or tape—or marks on the outsole caused by cuts, nicks, gouges, and scratches. This probability can be expressed by the following formula: When two or more identifying characteristics (points) are observed in an outsole, then the following formula can be used to calculate the probability of occurrence: where nCr = the combination of r items taken n at a time, n = the number of possible locations on the outsole, and, r = the number of characteristics/points. An association based on class characteristics conveys that the known shoe “could have made” the questioned footwear impression, but another shoe having the same design and physical size also could have made the questioned impression. Also, the uncontrollable nature of the size and quality of a crime scene impression makes the reproduction of any individual characteristic random. Names of commercial manufacturers are provided for identification only, and inclusion does not imply endorsement by the FBI. Scope of work relating to forensic footwear and/or tire tread examiners. These variations can be observed in various stippling patterns, concentric circles, vertical bars, and the position of the logo box (Hamm 1989). Footwear Identification. It should be noted that design and physical size can be used independently to eliminate a shoe as a source of an impression. General Guidelines for Photographing Footwear Impressions - Forensic Science Communications - October 2003 General Guidelines for Photographing Tire Impressions. Davis and Keeley (1997) conducted additional research and concluded the following regarding the Schallamach pattern: Thus if this pattern is observed in the crime scene impression and is also observed on the outsole of the suspect’s shoe, provided that the shoes are recovered within a short time frame, strong evidence exists to support a positive identification. It may contain outdated information and links may no longer function. The Schallamach pattern was observed mainly in the toe and heel area of the outsole, ran horizontally across the outsole of the shoe, and was not affected by the design of the outsole. (Stone 2006). SWGTREAD. This study does make some assumptions, for example, that all grids are independent and that the exact number of grids will change as the shoe size increases or decreases. Another study attempted to quantify the significance of individualizing characteristics. This abrasion pattern is referred to as a Schallamach (Schallamach 1952) pattern, or feathering (Tart et al. Footwear impression evidence left behind at crime scenes may provide valuable investigative information even when suspects have not been apprehended yet. Professional camera, minimum 35mm, with interchangeable lenses, manual override for exposure and focus, off-camera flash and remote shutter capability, and tripod mount. Most of the analysis by the FBI at this time involved conducting database/file searches to determine the make and model of a shoe or tire that could have made a specific crime scene Footwear impression lifting and enhancement techniques may be affected by several variables introduced during the production of test footwear impressions, thus limiting the usefulness of enhancement technique comparisons and the results obtained. SWGTREAD. This abrasion pattern is referred to as a Schallamach (Schallamach 1952) pattern, or. Examiners search questioned footwear impressions through these databases to determine the brand and/or model name of the footwear that left an impression at the crime scene. Description: This course covers examination protocols and procedures for comparing known footwear with questioned impressions. Despite the number of terrorism-related investigations the FBI had conducted previously, nothing could have prepared the Bureau, and, in fact, the world, for what occurred on September 11, 2001. The purpose of this document is to describe the proper method of photographing tire impression evidence by qualified personnel. Identifying characteristics observed in the crime scene impression and on the outsole may allow the footwear examiner to make a positive identification. Class characteristics are those characteristics that result from the manufacturing process, such as physical size, design, and mold characteristics. 1996). For instance, a pin-sized, circular hole would be less valuable than a jagged tear in a tread element. Guide for the preparation of test impressions from footwear and tires, Journal of Forensic Identification (2005f) 55:781–786. However, in concert with the powerful class characteristics, it is highly unlikely that two shoes would share the same class and identifying characteristics. More than 6,000 different footwear brands are sold in the United States, with more than 600 new brands introduced each year (as cited in “Footwear” 2007). Identifying characteristics can be defined as objects such as rocks, thumbtacks, pieces of glass, and other items that have become attached to the outsole of a shoe during wear and have left such marks as scratches, cuts, or nicks. This erosion occurs when the outsole of the shoe comes in repeated contact with a particular surface. Photograph the overall view of the area with identifying markers for each impression using appropriate lighting. 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