dssc solar cell
S Zhang J, Long H, Miralles SG, Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Zhang M (2012) The combination of a polymer–carbon composite electrode with a high-absorptivity ruthenium dye achieves an efficient dye-sensitized solar cell based on a thiolate–disulfide redox couple. studied the influence of the incorporation of CNT-G-TiO2 NPs into TiO2 NT arrays and attained an efficiency of 6.17% for the DSSC based on CNT-G-TiO2 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanotube double-layer structure photoanode [91]. with the observed JSC = 18 mAcm− 2, VOC = 0.69 V, and FF = 0.78, by employing indoline as an organic dye in the respective DSSC [228]. Boyo et al. J Am Chem Soc 128:16701–16707. He has about 50 scientific publications in international journals and proceedings of international and national conferences, and has published a book on Synthesis and characterization of organic photovoltaic cells. Sci. Giovannetti R, Zannotti M, Alibabaei L, Ferraro S; Equilibrium and Kinetic Aspects in the Sensitization of Monolayer Transparent TiO2 Thin Films with Porphyrin Dyes for DSSC Applications (2014) Int J Photoenergy Article 834269:9 pages. This adsorption provides a means for electron injection, which is the process that initiates the electrical circuit in a DSSC. Inorg Chem 44:242–250. reported a comparative study between the spectral response of the photocurrent of the two dyes, N3 and N749 [26], as shown in Fig. Mater Sci Forum 737:15–19. Google Scholar. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:3356–3361. Materialstoday proceedings 5(3):9108–9113. Singh SP, Roy MS, Justin Thomas KR, Balaiah S, Bhanuprakash K, Sharma GD (2012) New Triphenylamine-Based Organic Dyes with Different Numbers of Anchoring Groups for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Another challenge is to choose which metal interconnects in the cells that are more or less corroded to the electrolyte, and high degree of control over cell-to-cell reproducibility is required to achieve same current and/or voltage for all the cells in the module. Grätzel and group demonstrated the PCE of 9.3% for the monoprotonated sensitizer N3 [TBA]3 closely followed by a diprotonated sensitizer N3[TBA]2 or N719 with a conversion efficiency of 8.4% [156]. 8 with the AM 1.5 solar emission, it could be predicted that JSC of the N3 and black dye-sensitized cells to be 16 and 20.5 mA/cm2, respectively [37]. However, a different trend to optimize the performance of the DSSCs has been initiated by adding the energy relay dyes to the electrolyte. Grant FA (1959) Properties of Rutile (Titanium Dioxide). This decrease for the excess amounts of Ag@SiO2 NPs was attributed to three reasons: (i) reduction in the effective surface area of the films, (ii) absorption of less amount of the dye, and (iii) an increase in the charge-carrier recombination [314]. reported dimer (TPD 9), trimer (TPTR 10), tetramer (TPTE 11), and pentamer (TPPE 12) of TPA with the aid of Ullmann coupling reaction between the corresponding primary or secondary arylamines and aryl iodides [134]. The ITO films have a transmittance > 80% and 18 Ω/cm2 of sheet resistance, while FTO films show a lower transmittance of ~ 75% in the visible region and sheet resistance of 8.5 Ω/cm2 [18]. New structured dyes, i.e., D–A–π–A-type and D–D–π–A-type organic dyes, have been developed by inserting the subordinate donor–acceptor such as 3,6-ditert-butylcarbazole-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline to facilitate electron migration, restrain dye aggregation, and improve photostability [260]. Also, a high recombination rate between TiO2 and FTO leads to low efficiencies in DSSCs. Through this approach, the textile-based DSSC can be fabricated by means of weaving processes to form solar cell-inserted textiles. It was first introduced in 1998 [110] with a high glass transition temperature of ca. Chem Sus Chem 5:379–382. Hosseinnezhad M, Moradian S, Gharanjig K (2015) Fruit extract dyes as photosensitizers in solar cells. reported the doping of 1,8-naphthalimide (N-Bu) derivative fluorophore directly into a TiO2 mesoporous film with N719 for application in DSSCs [307], in which the N-Bu functioned as the FRET donor and transferred the energy via spectral down-conversion to the N719 molecules (FRET acceptor). Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) or Graetzel cells are considered a real alternative to the well-established silicon-based solar cells. However, the increase in the VOC of D205 due to the CDCA was approximately 0.054 V but showed little effect on D149 with an increase of 0.006 V only. The ionic liquids (IL) or room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) are stand-in material for organic solvents in a liquid electrolyte. In 2017, Liu et al. Due to the presence of two methoxy groups attached to TPA, a red shift was observed in the absorption spectra of P1 as compared to P2 and P3. DSSCs have a very low cutoff. Tian and co-workers investigated the effect of PTZ as an electron-donating unit in DSSCs, and because of the stronger electron donating tendency of PTZ unit than the TPA unit (0.848 and 1.04 V vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), respectively) [249], they found efficient results for the sensitizers based on PTZ rather than those based on the TPA [250]. In 2009, two POZ-based dyes were demonstrated by Tian et al., i.e., a simple POZ dye TH301 and triphenylamine attached to TH301, named as TH305. Materials 8:5715–5729. At 518 and 380 nm wavelength, this dye attained maximum absorption spectra with respective extinction coefficients as 1.3 × 104 M− 1 cm− 1 and 1.33 × 104 M− 1 cm− 1, respectively. The efficiencies of the fabricated solar cells using annato seeds as a sensitizer for each varying mass were 0.00799%, 0.01237%, and 0.05696%. Bessho T, Yoneda E, Yum JH, Guglielmi M, Tavernelli I, Imai H, Rothlisberger U, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2009) New paradigm in molecular engineering of sensitizers for solar cell applications. This suppresses the dye aggregation over the TiO2 surface and results in long-term stability of the cell as well as increase in VOC. demonstrated a η = 1.98%, respectively [97]. Li C, Yang X, Chen R, Pan J, Tian H, Zhu H, Wang X, Hagfeldt A, Sun L (2007) Anthraquinone dyes as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. As a result, nanoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrodes with a roughness factor of ca.1000 were discovered, and in 1991, DSSCs with 7% efficiency were invented [3]. range of solar cells, hybrid solar cells based on inorganic and organic compounds are a promising renewable energy source. Thus, the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) comes into the limelight as a next-generation solar cell, which is capable of generating power efficiently even under scattered light or indoor lighting. showed a laser-synthesized super-hydrophobic conducting carbon with broccoli-type morphology as a CE for dye-sensitized solar cells in 2012 [86]. Nazeerudding MK, Pechy P, Renouard T, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphrey-Baker R, Comte P et al (2001) Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Solar Cells. Thus, to overcome the volatilization and leakage problems of liquid electrolytes, ILs like 1-propargyl-3- methylimidazolium iodide, bis(imidazolium) iodides and 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium and polymer gel-like PEO, and poly(vinylidinefluoride) and polyvinyl acetate containing redox couples are commonly used as QSSEs [136, 137]. and Photobio. reported a PCE of 0.22% for the Kerria japonica carotenoid dye-sensitized solar cells in 2012 [280]. [87] because the surface morphology of a WE and a CE play a key role in the performance of DSSC. Therefore, development and application of new metal-free/organic dyes and natural dyes is much needed. IOP Conf. They fabricated the TiO2 photoanode by incorporating the Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) with an average diameter of 5 nm into the commercial TiO2 powder (average diameter 25 nm) and used N749 black dye as a sensitizer. An improved efficiency from 3.4% (CdS/CdSe) to 4.9% (CdS/Mn-CdSe) was achieved for the device upon the addition of Mn2+ into CdSe because when Mn2+ is doped into the CdSe (as shown in Fig. A cell with a binary IL of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate in combination with PMII showed a stable efficiency of 7% that retained at least 90% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h at 80 °C in darkness and 1000 h at 60 °C, at AM 1.5 [117]. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have garnered a lot of attention in recent years. The results indicated that the addition of the cyano group increased the stability of adsorption only when it adsorbs via CN with the surface and it decreased the photovoltaic properties when it was not involved in binding. Nat Nanotechnol 7:577–582. They demonstrated that with such a type of cathode, the observed solar energy conversion efficiency was the same as that obtained for a platinum-sputtered counter electrode and even was more than 50% obtained with a standard electrode, i.e., one prepared by chlorine platinum acid thermal decomposition, in similar working condition [82]. Therefore, the conductivity of the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) can be improved by combining the indium-doped tin oxide (ITO, highly conductive but less chemically stable) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, highly chemically stable but less conductive) together. fabricated the solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells based on Zn1-xSnxO nanocomposite photoanodes sensitized with N719 and insinuated with spiro-OMeTAD as a solid hole transport layer [161] and achieved highest efficiency of 4.3% with JSC = 12.45 mAcm− 2, VOC = 0.740 V, and FF = 46.70. 5:345–353. reported platinum-free, low-cost, and flexible DSSCs using graphene film coated with a conducting polymer as a counter electrode [80]. Although the stability and lifetime of a DSSC most probably depend on the encapsulation and sealing as discussed above. If the abovementioned challenges would be overcome, then there is no roadblock for the commercial applications of DSSCs, which has been restricted up to an amicable extent. J Phys Chem B 112:11694–11707. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) belong to the group of thin-film solar cells which have been under extensive research for more than two decades due to their low cost, simple preparation methodology, low toxicity and ease of production. Tsai CH, Hsiao YC, Chuang PY (2018) Investigation of Electrochemically Deposited and Chemically Reduced Platinum Nanostructured Thin Films as Counter Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. In anthocyanin molecule, the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups are bound to the semiconductor (TiO2) surface, which stimulates the electron transfer from the sensitizer (anthocyanin molecules) to the conduction band of porous semiconducting (TiO2) film. Hossain et al. Gao F, Wang Y, Shi D, Zhang J, Wang M, Jing X, Humphry-Baker R, Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M (2008) Enhance the optical absorptivity of nanocrystalline TiO2 film with high molar extinction coefficient ruthenium sensitizers for high performance dye sensitized solar cells. The limitations towards the stability are discussed below: Sealant materials like Surlyn® and Bynel® hotmelt foils are used in DSSCs to seal the cells [48]. Adv Mater 19(22):3888–3891. Sol Energy 151:61–67. Recent research around DSSC solar cells has focused on improving their stability and efficiency. Islam A, Singh SP, Yanagida M, Karim MR, Han L (2011) Amphiphilic Ruthenium(II) Terpyridine Sensitizers with Long Alkyl Chain Substituted β-Diketonato Ligands: An Efficient Coadsorbent-Free Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. However, the performance of the solar cells based on the furan counterpart (ɳmax = 7.36%) was better as compared to the one based on D5 (ɳmax = 6.09%) because of the faster recombination lifetimes in D5. Langmuir 18:952–954. Sim YH, Yun MJ, Cha SI, Seo SH, Lee DY (2018) Improvement in Energy Conversion Efficiency by modification of Photon Distribution within the Photoanode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Islam A, Sugihara H, Hara K, Singh LP, Katoh R et al Sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 film by ruthenium (II) diimine dithiolate complexes (2001) J. Photochem. They used the nonplanar structures of bishexapropyltruxeneamino as an electron donor [243] and investigated the impact of addition of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in the respective dyes, as MXD5-7 without CDCA showed lower photocurrent and efficiency as compared to the dyes MXD5-7 with 3 mM CDCA. Xie et al. Modern dye-sensitized solar cells, or Grätzel cells, are based on a concept invented in 1988 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel, but the concept dates back to the 1960s and 70s. One of the important emphases in this article has been made to establish a relation between the photosensitizer structure, the interfacial charge transfer reactions, and the device performance which are essential to know as to develop new metal and metal-free organic dyes. New J Chem 42:9281–9290. Chen WC, Nachimuthu S, Jiang JC (2017) Revealing the influence of Cyano in Anchoring Groups of Organic Dyes on Adsorption Stability and Photovoltaic Properties for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Due to the flexible nature of Cu foil substrates, Cu2O has also been employed as a CE in DSSC [102]. Tian H, Yang X, Chen R, Zhang R, Hagfeldt A, Sun L (2008) Effect of Different Dye Baths and Dye-Structures on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Triphenylamine Dyes. In the queue of developing new materials, Maiaugree et al. : Mater. Synth Met 162:1997–2004. Am. Ravirajan et al. They also changed solvents as distilled water (type I) and ACN (type II) with the addition of concentration of KI and iodine, and achieved better efficiency for the electrolyte type II [106]. An improved VOC with slight decrease in the JSC have been observed when DPA [54] and HDMA [123] were combined. Chem Commun:6288–6290. Kim S, Lee JK, Kang SO, Ko J, Yum JH, Fantacci S, De Angelis F, Censo DD, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2006) Molecular Engineering of Organic Sensitizers for Solar Cell Applications. Ito S, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Liska P, Charvet R et al (2006) High-Efficiency Organic-Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Controlled by Nanocrystalline-TiO2 Electrode Thickness. 23d). He is also associated with the Material Research Society of Singapore, Synchrotron Radiation Center, Italy, and UGC-DAE CSR, Indore. Alaba AK (2012) Utilization of Natural Morinda lucida as photosensitizers for dyesensitized solar cell. Also, the overall efficiency (%) is the percentage of the solar energy (shining on a photovoltaic [PV] device) converting into electrical energy, where ɳ increases with the decrease in the value of JSC and increase in the values of VOC, FF, and molar coefficient of dye, respectively. In 1996, Grätzel et al. Xu X, Huang D, Cao K, Wang M, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M (2013) Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide multilayer films as efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. The molecular structure and the efficiency for DSSCs based on different metal-free organic dyes are shown in Table 4 and Fig. Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M (1995) Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems. Dai S, Wang KJ, Weng J et al (2005) Design of DSC panel with efficiency more than 6%. The SSE falls in two subcategories: (1) where hole transport materials are used as a transport medium and (2) SSE containing iodide/triiodide redox couple as a transport medium. Hence, a suitable anchoring group which can chemically bind over the TiO2 surface with a suitable structure and effective intramolecular EnT and ICT processes, is also required for synthesis. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 73:103–108. Hu X, Huang K, Fang D, Liu S (2011) Enhanced performances of dye sensitized solar cells based on graphite-TiO2 composites. Recently in 2018, a study was carried out to determine the effect of microwave exposure on photoanode and found an enhancement in the efficiency of the cell upon exposure. Zhou Y, Xia C, Hu X, Huang W, Aref AA, Wang B, Liu Z, Sun Y, Zhou W, Tang Y (2014) Dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanoparticle-decorated ZnO/SnO2core/shell nanoneedle arrays. Maiaugree W, Lowpa S, Towannang M, Rutphonsan P, Tangtrakarn A et al (2015) A dye sensitized solar cell using natural counter electrode and natural dye derived from mangosteen peel waste. Flavonoid: Flavonoid is an enormous compilation of natural dyes which shows a carbon framework (C6–C3–C6) or more particularly the phenylbenzopyran functionality, as shown in Fig. But still a question arises whether the polymer matrix will degrade under prolonged UV radiations or not. Styryl-ligands attached to the bipyridil ring showed the utmost results. Tong Z, Peng T, Sun W, Liu W, Guo S, Zhao XZ (2014) Introducing an Intermediate Band into Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by W6+ Doping into TiO2 Nanocrystalline Photoanodes. Thus, the efficiency was improved by optimizing the porosity of the electrode made up of fine oxide powder, so that the absorption of dye over electrode could be enhanced and as a result light harvesting efficiency (LHE) could also be enhanced. This work was supported by Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, Govt. However, despite a huge range of non-conjugated polymers of di- and triphenylamine which are synthesized and used efficiently as HTMs in organic electroluminescent devices, their conjugated polymers are still rare. J Phys Chem C 116:5941–5950. Adv Mater 15:2101–2104. Thus, due to the SPR effect, the efficiency for the DSSC (incorporating Au NPs) was enhanced by about 50% compared to that without Au nanoparticles.
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