corinthian war who fought
The democrats, supported by the Argives, launched an attack on their opponents, and the oligarchs were driven from the city. Corinthian War (395 to 386 bc) in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World ; Corinthian War (395 to 386 bc) in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) [20] Thus, he turned back with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marched west through Thrace. [27], The fleet proceeded further west to take revenge on the Spartans by invading Lacedaemonian territory, where they laid waste to Pherae and raided along the Messenian coast. Those feelings, along with the straightforward hankering at all social levels for the benefits… But whichever of the two parties does not accept this peace, upon them I will make war, in company with those who desire this arrangement, both by land and by sea, with ships and with money.[4][54][55]. Their dominance over mainland Greece would last another sixteen years before being shattered at Leuctra.[61]. Agesilaus returned home shortly after these events, but Iphicrates continued to campaign around Corinth, recapturing many of the strong points which the Spartans had previously taken, although he was unable to retake Lechaeum. By the middle of the 4th century, they had assembled an organization of Aegean states commonly known as the Second Athenian League, regaining at least parts of what they had lost with their defeat in 404 BC. [27] Eventually they left due to scarce resources and few harbors for the Achaemenid fleet in the area, as well as the looming possibility of Lacedaemonian relief forces being dispatched. 335 BCE to 323 BCE. He also funded the rebuilding of a Corinthian fleet to resist the Spartans. [35] Thibron was later replaced by Diphridas, who raided more successfully, securing a number of small successes and even capturing Struthas's son-in-law, but never achieved any dramatic results. [4] Under threat of Spartan intervention, Thebes disbanded its league, and Argos and Corinth ended their experiment in shared government; Corinth, deprived of its strong ally, was incorporated back into Sparta's Peloponnesian League. [27] Pharnabazus dispatched Conon with substantial funds and a large part of the fleet to Attica, where he joined in the rebuilding of the long walls from Athens to Piraeus, a project that had been initiated by Thrasybulus in 394 BC. A sizable force was sent out from Sparta to challenge this force. [27], From 393 BC, Pharnabazus II and Conon sailed with their fleet to the Aegean island of Melos and established a base there. The basic outline of the treaty was laid out by a decree from the Persian king Artaxerxes: King Artaxerxes thinks it just that the cities in Asia should belong to him, as well as Clazomenae and Cyprus among the islands, and that the other Greek cities, both small and great, should be left autonomous (αὐτονόμους), except Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros; and these should belong, as of old, to the Athenians. The effects of the war, therefore, were to establish Persia's ability to interfere successfully in Greek politics, to atomize and isolate from one another Greek city states, and to affirm Sparta's hegemonic position in the Greek political system.[5]. The allies then sent emissaries to a number of smaller states and received the support of many of them. After over a century of disruption and struggle, Persia at last ruled Ionia without disruption or intervention for over 50 years, until the time of Alexander the Great. Using the quiz and worksheet, you can identify how much you know about the Corinthian War. Agesilaus did so, but simultaneously began preparing a sizable navy.[10]. After picking up more ships at Samos, Teleutias took command at Cnidus and commenced operations against Rhodes. Why the Corinthian War Was Fought… Posted In: Ancient Civilizations 7/30/09 By: Yona Williams From 395 BC to 387 BC, the Corinthian War involved a handful of ancient Greek city-states, including the mighty Spartans and the popular Athenians. In this article, you will learn the reason why the Corinthian War broke out in the first place. The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which both Thebes and Sparta intervened. The fleet had already seized Rhodes from Spartan control in 396 BC. This treaty placed Greece under Persian suzerainty[58][59] and marked the first attempt at a Common Peace in Greek history; under the treaty, all cities were to be autonomous, a clause that would be enforced by the Spartans as guardians of the peace. The passive opposition was declining to send soldiers to help Sparta on campaign and refusing to do as asked by Sparta. The Corinthian War followed the Peloponnesian War(431–404 BC), … Catégories: History. [27] Seizing Cythera also had the effect of cutting the strategic route between Peloponnesia and Egypt and thus avoiding Spartan-Egyptian collusion, and directly threatening Taenarum, the harbour of Sparta. The next major action of the war took place at sea, where both the Persians and the Spartans had assembled large fleets during Agesilaus's campaign in Asia. The Athenians responded with an ambush of their own; Chabrias, on his way to Cyprus, landed his troops on Aegina and laid an ambush for the Aeginetans and their Spartan allies, killing a number of them including Gorgopas. Athens' growing power was challenged by the Greek city-state of Sparta, starting the Peloponnesian War. In the first of these, in 389 BC, a Spartan expeditionary force crossed the Gulf of Corinth to attack Acarnania, an ally of the anti-Spartan coalition. Historia 38 (1989) pp. [27] This strategy to threaten Sparta had already been recommended, in vain, by the exiled Spartan Demaratus to Xerxes I in 480 BC. Alarmed by these Athenian successes towards the end of the conflict, the Persians stopped backing the allies and began supporting Sparta. [30] A second peace conference was held at Sparta in the same year, but the proposals made there were again rejected by the allies, both because of the implications of the autonomy principle and because the Athenians were outraged that the terms proposed would have involved abandoning the Ionian Greeks to Persia. Corinthian War. With the initial backing of Persia, the city-states were confident in the war they raged. Unable to defeat Agesilaus' army, Pharnabazus decided to force Agesilaus to withdraw by stirring up trouble on the Greek mainland. [13][8][14] The Thebans, who had previously demonstrated their antipathy towards Sparta, undertook to bring about a war. Langue: english. Pharnabazus followed up his victory at Cnidus by capturing several Spartan-allied cities in Ionia, instigating pro-Athenian and pro-Democracy movements. The grand alliance was remarkable for combining traditional enemies in a united campaign against Spartan supremacy. Sparta, meanwhile, in its newly formalized position atop the Greek political system, took advantage of the autonomy clause of the peace to break up any coalition that it perceived as a threat. When Anaxibius and his men, who were strung out in the line of march, had entered the rough, mountainous terrain in which Iphicrates and his men were waiting, the Athenians emerged and ambushed them, killing Anaxibius and many others. Angered by Sparta's tyrannical overlordship in Greece after the Peloponnesian War, several Greek states took advantage of Sparta's involvement in war with Persia to challenge Spartan supremacy. By levying ships from the Aegean states under his control, Agesilaus had raised a force of 120 triremes, which he placed under the command of his brother-in-law Peisander, who had never held a command of this nature before. Rome against Carthage. In this climate, when Tiribazus called a peace conference in late 387 BC, the major parties of the war were ready to discuss terms. [16], The Spartan plan called for two armies, one under Lysander and the other under Pausanias, to rendezvous at and attack the Boeotian city of Haliartus. [44], After their defeat at Cnidus, the Spartans began to rebuild a fleet, and, in fighting with Corinth, had regained control of the Gulf of Corinth by 392 BC. The war was fought on two fronts, on land near Corinth (hence the name) and Thebes and at sea in the Aegean. The Corinthian War followed the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), in which Sparta had achieved hegemony over Athens and its allies. He then sailed home across the Gulf. The forces met at the dry bed of the Nemea River, in Corinthian territory, where the Spartans won a decisive victory. It is said he wryly observed, but for ten thousand Persian "archers", he would have vanquished all Asia. [48], In 389 BC, the Athenians attacked the island of Aegina, off the coast of Attica. But the Corinthian heralds opened their gates to the defeated Athenians and saved them. Corinth and Thebes were very unhappy. The Spartans soon drove off the Athenian fleet, but the Athenians continued their land assault. Année: 1979. These exiles went to the Spartans, based at this time at Sicyon, for support, while the Athenians and Boeotians came up to support the democrats. [60], In the years following the signing of the peace, the two states responsible for its structure, Persia and Sparta, took full advantage of the gains they had made. The Spartans were in a… Pyrrhic War. [3] The Corinthian War followed the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), in which Sparta had achieved hegemony over Athens and its allies. Second Punic War/Hannibalic War. In a night attack, the Spartans and exiles succeeded in seizing Lechaeum, Corinth's port on the Gulf of Corinth, and defeated the army that came out to challenge them the next day. For a time, the two forces merely raided each other's territory, but eventually Iphicrates succeeded in guessing where Anaxibius would bring his troops on a return march from a campaign against Antandrus, and ambushed the Spartan force. The war was fought on two fronts, on land near Corinth (hence the name) and Thebes and at sea in the Aegean. [30], As a reward for his success, Pharnabazus was allowed to marry the king's daughter. 218 BCE to 201 BCE. The Corinthian war was fought on both land, and sea. [27] Cythera in effect became Achaemenid territory. [27], After being convinced by Conon that allowing him to rebuild the Long Walls around Piraeus, the main port of Athens, would be a major blow to the Lacedaemonians, Pharnabazus eagerly gave Conon a fleet of 80 triremes and additional funds to accomplish this task. These armies met each other at Coronea, in Theban territory; as at Nemea, both right wings were victorious, with the Thebans breaking through while the rest of the allies were defeated. With this force, which was soon further augmented with ships supplied by the satraps of the region, he sailed to the Hellespont, where he could cut off the trade routes that brought grain to Athens. Pausanias, arriving a day later, took back the bodies of the Spartan dead under a truce, and returned to Sparta. In 395 BC, after the end of the Peloponnesian War, Corinth and Thebes, ... Demosthenes recounts how Athens had fought the Spartans in a great battle near Corinth. Corinthian War Description. After initial difficulties in coming to grips with the Acarnanians, who kept to the mountains and avoided engaging him directly, Agesilaus was eventually able to draw them into a pitched battle, in which the Acarnanians were routed and lost a number of men. Sparta’s bitter victories: politics and diplomacy in the Corinthian War Charles Daniel Hamilton. [36], At Corinth, the democratic party continued to hold the city proper, while the exiles and their Spartan supporters held Lechaeum, from where they raided the Corinthian countryside. There, he was put on trial for his life for failing to arrive and support Lysander at the designated time. [4] After 8 years of fighting, the Corinthian war was at an end. [32], In 392 BC, the Spartans dispatched an ambassador, Antalcidas, to the satrap Tiribazus, hoping to turn the Persians against the allies by informing them of Conon's use of the Persian fleet to begin rebuilding the Athenian empire. He, judging that he could accomplish more by campaigning where the Spartan fleet was not than by challenging it directly, sailed to the Hellespont. [19], Alarmed by these developments, the Spartans prepared to send out an army against this new alliance, and sent a messenger to Agesilaus ordering him to return to Greece. Corinthian War in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome ; View overview page for this topic [39] The border stones between Argos and Corinth were torn down, and the citizen bodies of the two cities were merged. In the Peloponnesian War, which had ended in 404 BC, Sparta had enjoyed the support of nearly every mainland Greek state and the Persian Empire, and in the months and years following that war, a number of the island states of the Aegean had come under its control. The Corinthian War The Corinthian War started in 395 BC and ended in 387 BC. [27] The military occupation by these pro-Athenian forces led to several democratic revolutions and new alliances with Athens in the islands. After a brief engagement between Thebes and Phocis, in which Thebes was victorious, the allies gathered a large army at Corinth. The King's Peace (387 BC), also known as the Peace of Antalcidas, was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Persian King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece. At sea, the Spartan fleet was decisively defeated early in the war by an Achaemenid fleet allied with Athens, an event that effectively ended Sparta's attempts to become a naval power. The war was fought on two fronts, on land near Corinth (hence the name) and Thebes and at sea in the Aegean. Macedon against Persian Empire, Greek City States, Ilyria, Thrace . The forces met at the dry bed of the Nemea River, in Corinthian territory, where the Spartans won a decisive victory. There, he was killed in the Battle of Haliartus after bringing his force too near the walls of the city; the battle ended inconclusively, with the Spartans suffering early losses but then defeating a group of Thebans who pursued the Spartans onto rough terrain where they were at a disadvantage. [17] Lysander, arriving before Pausanias, successfully persuaded the city of Orchomenus to revolt from the Boeotian confederacy, and advanced to Haliartus with his troops and a force of Orchomenians. The satrap Tissaphernes was executed for his failure to contain Agesilaus, and his replacement, Tithraustes, bribed the Spartans to move north, into the satrapy of Pharnabazus, Hellespontine Phrygia. [27], At about this time, civil strife broke out in Corinth between the democratic party and the oligarchic party. This category contains historical battles fought as part of the Corinthian War (395 BC–387 BC).Please see the category guidelines for more information. 264 BCE to 241 BCE. This treaty declared that Persia would control all of Ionia, and proclaimed that all other Greek cities would be "autonomous" (αὐτονόμους), in effect prohibiting Greek cities from forming leagues, alliances or coalitions. Sparta eventually won the war, but only after the Persians had switched support from Athens to Sparta. With Agesilaus at the head of the state, advocating for an aggressive policy, the Spartans campaigned from the Peloponnese to the distant Chalcidic peninsula. In the 5th century BCE, Athens united the city-states in order to fight Persian invasions and ended up creating an Athenian empire. (...) Pharnabazus, upon hearing this, eagerly dispatched him to Athens and gave him additional money for the rebuilding of the walls. In 431 BC, one of the factors leading to the Peloponnesian War was the dispute between Corinth and Athens over Corcyra, which probably stemmed from the traditional trade rivalry between the two cities. 205 BCE to 200 BCE. Wars of Alexander the Great. Veuillez d'abord vous connecter à votre compte ; Avez-vous besoin d'aide? As … This solid base of support, however, was fragmented in the years following the war. These events are best described by Xenophon, at, "IGII2 6217 Epitaph of Dexileos, cavalryman killed in Corinthian war (394 BC)", 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corinthian_War&oldid=998457031, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Perlman, S. "The Causes and the Outbreak of the Corinthian War,", This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 13:25. Rome against Carthage. Once there, he won over several major states to the Athenian side and placed a duty on ships sailing past Byzantium, restoring a source of revenue that the Athenians had relied on in the late Peloponnesian War. … [4] Sparta was to be the guardian of the peace, with the power to enforce its clauses. [12] According to Plutarch, Agesilaus, the Spartan king, said upon leaving Asia "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for the Darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes in order to start a war against Sparta. [51], Antalcidas, meanwhile, had entered into negotiations with Tiribazus, and reached an agreement under which the Persians would enter into the war on the Spartan side if the allies refused to make peace. [38], After this victory, an Argive army came to Corinth, and, seizing the acropolis, effected the merger of Argos and Corinth. The Corinthian War was an ancient Greek conflict lasting from 395 BC until 387 BC, pitting Sparta against a coalition of four allied states, Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and … In fact, the winning side was the old combination that had proved victorious in the What of the Other 11/11’s Throughout History? Athens against Sparta. Struthas pursued an anti-Spartan policy, prompting the Spartans to order their commander in the region, Thibron, to attack him. The war also marked the beginning of Athens' resurgence as a power in the Greek world. Who fought in this war and why it happened are some topics you need to know in order to do well on the quiz. First Punic War. Rome, Carthage against Greece. The Athenians on Aegina, meanwhile, soon found themselves under attack, and withdrew after several months. Retrouvez Corinthian War: Battle of Nemea, Battle of Cnidus, Battle of Coronea (394 BC), Peace of Antalcidas, Ancient Greece, Sparta, Thebes, Greece, History of ... Achaemenid Empire, Delian League, Ionia et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Under Antalcidas' command, the Spartan fleet sailed east to Rhodes but it was eventually blockaded at Abydos by the regional Athenian commanders. While still on Lesbos, however, Thrasybulus was killed by raiders from the city of Aspendus. [46], Alarmed by this Spartan naval resurgence, the Athenians sent out a fleet of 40 triremes under Thrasybulus. The coalition army lost 2,800 men, while the Spartans and their allies lost only 1,100.[22]. The Athenians learned of this, and sent Conon and several others to present their case to the Persians; they also notified their allies, and Argos, Corinth, and Thebes dispatched embassies to Tiribazus. The Corinthian war against the Corcyrans was the largest naval battle between Greek city states until that time. The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which both Thebes and Sparta intervened. Hellenica Source: Plutarch. The Spartans would continue to attempt, over the next several years, to knock either Corinth or Argos out of the war; the anti-Spartan allies, meanwhile, sought to preserve their united front against Sparta, while Athens and Thebes took advantage of Sparta's preoccupation to enhance their own power in areas they had traditionally dominated. Persia, freed of both Athenian and Spartan interference in its Asian provinces, consolidated its hold over the eastern Aegean and captured both Egypt and Cyprus by 380 BC. A council was formed at Corinth to manage the affairs of this alliance. (1841). [27], They then raided the coast of Laconia and seized the island of Cythera, where they left a garrison and an Athenian governor to cripple Sparta's offensive military capabilities. He then sailed to Lesbos, where, with the support of the Mytileneans, he defeated the Spartan forces on the island and won over a number of cities. The anti-Spartan parties started as soon as the Peloponnesian War ended as Sparta did not share the spoils of war with the allies who fought with her. The Corinthian War was an ancient Greek conflict lasting from 395 BC until 387 BC, pitting Sparta against a coalition of four allied states, Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos, who were initially backed by Persia. The Corinthian War was an ancient Greek conflict lasting from 395 BC until 387 BC, pitting Sparta against a coalition of four allied states; Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos; which were initially backed by Persia.The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which both Thebes and Sparta intervened. By this time, Agesilaus's army, after brushing off attacks from the Thessalians during its march through that country, had arrived in Boeotia, where it was met by an army gathered from the various states of the anti-Spartan alliance. This war was fought between Sparta and many other city-states. In 398 BCE the anti-Spartan parties became more aggressive with Ismenias leading the way in Thebes. Corinthian War. Athens quickly took advantage of its possession of walls and a fleet to seize the islands of Scyros, Imbros, and Lemnos, on which it established cleruchies (citizen colonies). Since no Argive army challenged him, he plundered the countryside for a time, and then, after receiving several unfavorable omens, returned home. The Spartans fought determinedly, particularly in the vicinity of Peisander's ship, but were eventually overwhelmed; large numbers of ships were sunk or captured, and the Spartan fleet was essentially wiped from the sea. Noté /5. Agesilaus met their force head on, and in the struggle that followed a number of Thebans were killed before the remainder were able to force their way through and rejoin their allies. 300-13. The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which Thebes and Sparta intervened. The immediate cause of the war was a local conflict in northwest Greece in which both Thebes and Sparta intervened. Fichier: PDF, 20,03 MB. As … The Corinthian War that was fought in 395-387BCE. Charles Anthon, L.L.D. The war started because Sparta had gotten all the spoil and credit for conquering Athens, which upset Sparta’s allies. Noticing that the Athenians had relaxed their guard after Chabrias's victory, he launched a raid on Piraeus, seizing numerous merchant ships. Lives of Plutarch [50], The Spartans then sent Teleutias to Aegina to command the fleet there. The Corinthian War followed the Peloponnesian War 431–404 BC, in which Sparta had achieved hegemony over Athens and its allies. [27] Their aim was probably to instigate a revolt of the Messanian helots against Sparta. Ecdicus arrived at Rhodes to find the democrats fully in control, and in possession of more ships than him, and thus waited at Cnidus. According to the terms of this peace treaty: In a general peace conference at Sparta, the Spartans, with their authority enhanced by the threat of Persian intervention, secured the acquiescence of all the major states of Greece to these terms. Thibron successfully ravaged Persian territory for a time, but was killed along with much of his army when Struthas ambushed one of his poorly organized raiding expeditions. [18], In the wake of these events, both the Spartans and their opponents prepared for more serious fighting to come. Lives of Plutarch Corinthian War (395 B.C.–86 B.C. These two fleets met off the point of Cnidus in 394 BC. At the conference that resulted, the Spartans proposed a peace based on the independence of all states; this was rejected by the allies, as Athens wished to hold the gains it had made in the Aegean, Thebes wished to keep its control over the Boeotian league, and Argos already had designs on assimilating Corinth into its state. [31] He was recalled to the Achaemenid Empire in 393 BC, and replaced by satrap Tiribazus. The Corinthian War was succeeded by the Theban–Spartan War of 378–362 BC, in which Sparta would finally lose its hegemony, this time to Thebes. Following this victory, Conon and Pharnabazus sailed along the coast of Ionia, expelling Spartan governors and garrisons from the cities, although they failed to reduce the Spartan bases at Abydos and Sestos under the command of Dercylidas.[25]. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion It appears that the Persians, unnerved by certain of Athens' actions, including supporting king Evagoras of Cyprus and Akoris of Egypt, both of whom were at war with Persia, had decided that their policy of weakening Sparta by supporting its enemies was no longer useful. [47], After this, the Spartans sent out a new commander, Anaxibius, to Abydos. Despite the collaborative nature of the victory, Sparta alone received the plunder taken from the defeated states and the tribute payments from the former Athenian Empire. A Classical Dictionary. [57], The agreement eventually produced was commonly known as the King's Peace, reflecting the Persian influence the treaty showed. Ancient Greek conflict lasting from 395 BC until 387 BC, Initial fighting: Battle of Haliartus (395 BC), Achaemenid naval campaign and assistance to Athens (393 BC), "Persian coins were stamped with the figure of an archer, and Agesilaus said, as he was breaking camp, that the King was driving him out of Asia with ten thousand "archers"; for so much money had been sent to Athens and Thebes and distributed among the popular leaders there, and as a consequence those people made war upon the Spartans" Plutarch 15-1-6 in. , 2009 to help Sparta on the Greek city-state of Sparta, starting the Peloponnesian war ( BC. 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