human trafficking in china 2020
The judicial system did not require victims to testify against their traffickers in court and allowed prosecutors to submit previously recorded statements as evidence; however, authorities required some foreign victims to stay in the PRC to assist in police investigations until their conclusion. 0000089286 00000 n In 2013, the National People’s Congress ratified a decision to abolish “re-education through labor” (RTL), a punitive system that subjected individuals to extra-judicial detention involving forced labor, from which the government reportedly profited. 0000186517 00000 n 0000008814 00000 n 0000278156 00000 n China Tel: + 86 10 6420 1827 Fax: + 86 10 6420 3115. 0000294912 00000 n A 2016 policy limiting the detention of such individuals to 72 hours remained in place. 0000219563 00000 n For the third consecutive year, the government did not report the number of victims it identified, although media reports indicated authorities continued to remove some victims from their exploitative situations. Traffickers typically recruit them from rural areas and take them to urban centers, using a combination of fraudulent job offers and coercion by imposing large travel fees, confiscating passports, confining victims, or physically and financially threatening victims to compel their engagement in commercial sex. 0000274387 00000 n 0000293641 00000 n A small number of ethnic Han Chinese individuals and members of other religious minority groups, including Jehovah’s Witnesses, are also reportedly in detention within this system. China’s national household registry system (hukou) continues to restrict rural inhabitants’ freedom to legally change their workplace or residence, placing China’s internal migrant population—estimated to exceed 180 million men, women, and children—at high risk of forced labor in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories. 1941 167 Some school districts compel students into forced labor in manufacturing under the guise of mandatory internships. 0000273703 00000 n As part of similar efforts in previous years, PRC authorities attempted to extradite—and criminally charge—PRC and Taiwanese individuals subjected to forced labor in Europe. • Cease the use of harassment, threats, and illegal discriminatory immigration policies as measures to coerce the return to Xinjiang and subsequent forced labor of ethnic and religious minorities living abroad. Bingtuan authorities also force inmates to build new prison facilities in several areas of the province and may subject inmates to forced labor in coal and asbestos mining. 0000125480 00000 n work, sale and profitable adoption of babies and human smuggling. xref 0000125649 00000 n 0000290361 00000 n 0000276384 00000 n Your source for credible news and authoritative insights from Hong Kong, China and the world. The central government did not capture or report comprehensive law enforcement data, and it continued to report statistics for crimes outside the definition of trafficking according to international law (including migrant smuggling, child abduction, forced marriage, and fraudulent adoption), making it difficult to assess progress. 0000274711 00000 n 0000273959 00000 n • Ensure authorities do not subject trafficking victims to extended detention, punishment, or deportation. 0000010629 00000 n 0000275366 00000 n 0000009662 00000 n 0000275741 00000 n Uyghur adults and children are reportedly forced to pick cotton under direction of the Bingtuan. Nationwide, some school districts reportedly compelled ethnic Han students to participate in internship programs featuring forced labor indicators. 0000066527 00000 n 0000005887 00000 n 0000275848 00000 n 0000216458 00000 n 0000275036 00000 n 0000278479 00000 n • Respecting due process, vigorously investigate, prosecute, and impose prison sentences on perpetrators of forced labor and sex trafficking, including complicit government officials. However, observers noted this assistance was ad hoc and less prevalent among front-line officers working farther inland, where some foreign victims escaped, reported these abusive circumstances to the authorities, and were summarily arrested and forcibly returned to their PRC “husbands”—sometimes in exchange for bribes from the men’s families. The government did not undertake efforts to identify trafficking victims within its highly vulnerable North Korean migrant population, nor did it provide suspected North Korean trafficking victims with legal alternatives to repatriation. 0000218555 00000 n For the third consecutive year, the government did not report identifying any trafficking victims or referring them to protective services. Authorities held a seventh annual inter-ministerial meeting to coordinate anti-trafficking efforts. 2107 0 obj <>stream Traffickers also subject these women to forced labor in agriculture, as hostesses in nightclubs and karaoke bars, in domestic service, and at factories. First, 2020 marks the 20th anniversary of the United States’ Trafficking Victims Protection Act. Article 240 prescribed penalties of five to 10 years’ imprisonment and fines for the abduction and sale of women and children. 0000005685 00000 n 0000299530 00000 n 0000278797 00000 n Congolese men and boys experience conditions indicative of forced labor in PRC national-owned mining operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 0000106511 00000 n 0000216165 00000 n 0000098724 00000 n 0000278371 00000 n 0000276816 00000 n 0000022920 00000 n It is a country of origin, destination, and transit for sexually trafficked persons. • Immediately screen individuals suspected of prostitution offenses for sex trafficking indicators and refer identified victims to protection services. 0000216293 00000 n Coordinator for the Arctic Region, Bureaus and Offices Reporting Directly to the Secretary, Office of the Coordinator for Cyber Issues, Office of the U.S. Despite the existence of these procedures, and contrary to the aforementioned policy, law enforcement officials continued to arrest and detain foreign women on suspicion of prostitution crimes without screening them for indicators of sex trafficking—sometimes for as long as four months—before deporting them for immigration violations. Companies operating under the auspices of the Japanese government’s “Technical Intern Training Program” have exploited PRC nationals in forced labor in food processing, manufacturing, construction, and fishing. UN-ACT China 3-2-121 Tayuan Diplomatic Compound, No.1 Xindong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100600, P.R. 0000274603 00000 n 0000275956 00000 n Illicit brokers increasingly facilitate the forced and fraudulent marriage of South Asian, Southeast Asian, Northeast Asian, and African women and girls to PRC national men for fees of up $30,000. Official statistics show there were 2,700 reported cases of human trafficking in Vietnam between 2011 and 2017, involving nearly 6,000 victims mainly from poor families in rural areas. An official website of the United States government, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Office of the U.S. 0000013140 00000 n • Increase oversight of seafarer labor conditions in the PRC fishing industry. There are also reports of PRC national men and their parents deceiving Southeast Asian women and girls into fraudulent marriages in China, then confining them in forced concubinism involving rape leading to forced pregnancy. PRC national-owned factories and agricultural plantations in Burma reportedly subject local and internal migrant populations to forced labor; the same may also be true for PRC national-owned logging operations there. MPS officials reportedly maintained a procedure to screen for trafficking indicators among individuals arrested for alleged prostitution. 0000010857 00000 n Authorities have utilized discriminatory surveillance technologies and arbitrary administrative and criminal provisions to detain more than one million ethnic Muslims, including Uyghurs, ethnic Hui, ethnic Kazakhs, and ethnic Kyrgyz, in as many as 1,200 “vocational training centers”—internment camps designed to erase ethnic and religious identities. 0000106847 00000 n As in prior years, authorities did not disaggregate conviction data by the relevant criminal code statutes, and courts reportedly prosecuted the vast majority of these cases under Article 358—especially for those involving commercial sexual exploitation—rather than under Article 240. The human trafficking facts in 2021 we will be tracking are largely consistent with what we’ve been carefully observing for years. By Travis McMillen & Paul Pepper • Feb 26, 2020 . Article 240 criminalized “the abduction and sale of women or children,” which included abduction by deceit, kidnapping, purchasing, selling, sending, receiving, and transferring for the purpose of sale; however, unlike the definition of trafficking in persons under international law, Article 240 did not explicitly link these acts to a purpose of exploitation. According to the 2013–2020 China National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children (2013–2020 National Action Plan), training programs are to be provided to anti-trafficking personnel nationwide. A small number of PRC national women are reportedly subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor via forced or fraudulent marriages to Taiwan men. However, according to an international organization, the government continued to allocate funding to co-host capacity-building training for law enforcement and judicial officials on investigating and prosecuting trafficking cases. 0000280033 00000 n • Criminalize all forms of sex trafficking and labor trafficking as defined under international law. China’s national household registry system (hukou) continues to restrict rural inhabitants’ freedom to legally change their workplace or residence, placing China’s internal migrant population—estimated to exceed 180 million men, women, and children—at high risk of forced labor in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories. Traffickers subject PRC national women and girls to sex trafficking throughout the world, including in major cities, construction sites, remote mining and logging camps, and areas with high concentrations of PRC national migrant workers. 0000226030 00000 n 0000304233 00000 n 0000055152 00000 n 0000279536 00000 n in sexual activities ranging from prostitution, pornography and sex trafficking. 0000186414 00000 n This includes sex trafficking, child labor, forced labor and even forced adoptions and marriages. Traffickers have reportedly subjected PRC nationals to forced labor in the manufacturing of medical masks for the prevention of COVID-19 in South Africa. 0000219282 00000 n State-sponsored forced labor is intensifying under the government’s mass detention and political indoctrination campaign against Muslim minorities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). The government continued to restrict access of UN agencies attempting to monitor and assist refugees near China’s border with North Korea. Traffickers lure, drug, detain, or kidnap some North Korean women upon their arrival in the PRC and compel them into commercial sex in brothels and bars, through internet sex sites, or in relation to forced marriage. Foreign embassies in the PRC reportedly provided shelter or other protective services to victims. 0000010419 00000 n 0000216364 00000 n Authorities are increasingly placing the young children of interned Muslims in Xinjiang in state-run boarding schools, orphanages, and “child welfare guidance centers,” and forcing them to participate in political indoctrination activities and report on their families’ religious activities. In cases where this forced pregnancy leads to childbirth, the men and their parents sometimes use the children as collateral to retain the women’s forced labor or sexual slavery, or use the women’s immigration status as coercion to dissuade them from reporting their abuses to the authorities. For the third consecutive year, the government did not report the extent to which it funded anti-trafficking activities in furtherance of the action plan, compared to more than 55 million renminbi ($7.9 million)) in 2016. 0000279181 00000 n The PRC government’s birth-limitation policy and a cultural preference for sons created a skewed sex ratio of 117 boys to 100 girls in the PRC, which observers assert continues to drive the demand for commercial sex and for foreign women as brides for PRC national men—both of which may be procured by force or coercion. 0000276491 00000 n PRC national traffickers subject women and children from neighboring Asian countries, African countries, and countries in the Americas to forced labor and sex trafficking within the PRC. I went below poverty line in 2020. The government made no efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex. Contacts report families separated by this system are more likely to fall below the poverty line and are therefore at higher risk of sex trafficking and forced labor. 0000222517 00000 n When China’s human rights record came up for a routine review in 2018 and 2019 at the Human Rights Council, Chinese officials threatened critical delegations while encouraging allies to heap praise. The Chinese government ratified the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol in December 2009, which obligates China to prohibit all forms of trafficking and bring its domestic laws into conformity with international standards within 24 months. 0000044702 00000 n 0000225716 00000 n 0000277838 00000 n Some courts reportedly continued to prosecute trafficking crimes under laws pertaining to domestic violence, labor contract violations, and child abuse, all of which prescribed lesser penalties. 0000007190 00000 n 0000007628 00000 n Traffickers also use China as a transit point to subject foreign individuals to trafficking in other countries throughout Asia and in international maritime industries. Authorities engaged in law enforcement cooperation with an unknown number of foreign governments to investigate cases of PRC citizens subjected to trafficking abroad, including in South and Southeast Asia. 0000010744 00000 n 0000280444 00000 n %PDF-1.4 %���� Well-organized criminal syndicates and local gangs subject Chinese women and girls to sex trafficking within China. Penalties under this provision were not alone sufficiently stringent; however, Article 241 stipulated that if an individual purchased an abducted woman or child and then subjected them to “forcible sexual relations,” the individual would face additional penalties under the criminal code’s rape provisions. Authorities claimed to have tracked and rescued more than 4,000 missing children through the use of an app-based system, including as many as 120 trafficking victims, but they did not provide any information on formal identification or referral measures for these children. 0000322618 00000 n 0000274063 00000 n 0000022540 00000 n In compliance with a UN Security Council resolution, the government reportedly repatriated some North Korean labor migrants; Chinese authorities did not screen them for trafficking indicators or offer options to legally remain in the country. Mongolian boys are at high risk of forced labor and sex trafficking under visa regimes that enable them to work indefinitely as herders, horse jockeys and circus performers across the PRC border, provided they return with a chaperone once a month. Despite continued reports of law enforcement officials benefiting from, permitting, or directly facilitating sex trafficking and forced labor, the government did not report any investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of law enforcement officials allegedly involved in the crime. 0000277519 00000 n However, authorities did not provide statistics on the number of investigations, prosecutions, or convictions resulting from this campaign. 0000132025 00000 n The Ministry of Civil Affairs, a nationwide women’s organization, and grassroots NGOs could provide victims with shelter, medical care, counseling, legal aid, and social services, as well as rehabilitation services in some cases. PRC authorities at times intervened in foreign governments’ attempts to investigate wealthy or government-connected PRC nationals suspected of trafficking crimes abroad. of human trafficking in China range from forced marriage to forced labor, forced sex . These penalties were sufficiently stringent and commensurate with the penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. Officials at multiple levels were also complicit in state-sponsored forced labor as part of the PRC’s mass detention and political indoctrination campaign against members of ethnic and religious minority groups, and some officials reportedly profited directly from this system; authorities reportedly subjected Tibetans and members of other ethno-religious groups to similar abuses. The law entitled victims to request criminal prosecution and claim compensation through civil lawsuits against their traffickers; the government did not report whether any victims benefited from this provision. Traffickers promise African and South American women legitimate jobs in the PRC and force them into commercial sex upon arrival. 0000024571 00000 n Reports indicate authorities partially staffed internment camp facilities using forced labor, including among Mandarin language instructors. According to official PRC government documents, local governments at times arrested Muslims arbitrarily or based on spurious criminal charges and administrative violations, including violation of birth restrictions, in order to meet detention quotas established specifically for this internment system. There were also reports that authorities threatened these individuals’ families in Xinjiang to force their return. 0000005467 00000 n 0 The criminal code criminalized some forms of sex trafficking and labor trafficking. 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